About this course
Chapters Overview:
1. Homeostasis
Explains how organisms maintain internal stability.
Focuses on the excretory system, osmoregulation, and temperature control.
Human kidneys and artificial kidney (dialysis) are discussed in detail.
2. Support and Movement
Covers types of skeletons: hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton.
Human skeletal system, joints, and muscle contraction.
Diseases like arthritis and osteoporosis.
3. Coordination and Control
The nervous system: structure and function of neurons, CNS and PNS.
Endocrine system and hormones.
Disorders like diabetes, goiter, and Parkinson’s disease.
4. Reproduction
Asexual vs. sexual reproduction.
Reproductive systems in plants and humans.
Fertilization, pregnancy, and contraception.
5. Growth and Development
Cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
Embryonic development and growth stages in humans and plants.
Plant hormones and their role in development.
6. Chromosomes and DNA
Structure and function of chromosomes and DNA.
DNA replication and RNA types.
Genetic code and protein synthesis.
7. Cell Cycle
Phases of the cell cycle: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Importance of checkpoints and cancer as a disease of uncontrolled division.
8. Variation and Genetics
Mendelian genetics: laws of inheritance.
Genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Genetic disorders and pedigree analysis.
9. Biotechnology
Genetic engineering, cloning, PCR, and GMOs.
Applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Ethical issues of biotechnology.
10. Evolution
Darwin’s theory and natural selection.
Evidence for evolution: fossils, embryology, molecular biology.
Speciation and modern synthetic theory.
11. Ecosystem
Structure and function of ecosystems.
Energy flow, food chains/webs, biogeochemical cycles.
Human impact on the environment and conservation efforts.
12. Some Major Ecosystems
Description of ecosystems like forests, deserts, freshwater, and marine.
Biodiversity, climate factors, and adaptations of organisms.
13. Man and His Environment
Pollution (air, water, soil), global warming, and ozone depletion.
Sustainable practices and waste management.
Role of individuals and government in conservation.
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Homeostasis Chapter 15
19 Parts
Homeostasis
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Feedback mechanism
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Osmoregulation in different environment | Osmoregulation
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Osmoregulation in Plants
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Osmoregulation in animals
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Osmoregulation in Fresh water animals
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osmoregulation in terrestrial animals
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Excretion | Excretion in Plants
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Excretion in Animals
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Excretion in Planaria, Earthworm and Cockroach
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Excretion in Vertebrates
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human Liver | role of Liver in homeostasis | liver as excretory organ
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Human urinary system | Anatomy and physiology of urinary system
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Nephron Structure and Function | kidney Functions | counter current multiplier
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Kidney Problem and Cures | kidney stone | lithotripsy |Heamodialysis
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Thermoregulation in Animals
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Thermoregulation in Plants
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Thermoregulation in Human and animals, Temperature regulation of human body
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Feedback mechanism for thermoregulation
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Support and movement Chapter 16
23 Parts
Support in Plants | locomotion and movement
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Secondary Growth in Plants | Annual Rings
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Movements in plants | autonomic movements | Tactic, turgor and growth movements
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Paratonic movements in plants
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Support in Animals | hydrostatic skeleton | hydroskeleton
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Exoskeleton | Exoskeleton in animals
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Endoskeleton | Bone and Cartilage
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Human skeleton | axial and appendicular skeleton
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Human skeleton | Appendicular skeleton
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Joints | types of joints
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Deformities of skeleton | Spondylosis | Sciatica | Disc slip | Herniation | Arthritis
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Repair of broken bone | bone healing | bone fracture
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Muscles | cardiac muscles | smooth muscles | skeletal muscles
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Skeletal Muscles | Ultra Structure of Muscles
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Sliding filament model | cross bridges control | controlling actin and myosin interaction by Ca++
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Muscle disorders | muscle fatigue | tetany | tetanus| cramp
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Arrangement of skeletal muscles for movement | Antagonistic movement of muscles
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Locomotion in Protists| Locomotion in Euglena | Locomotion in Peramecium | Locomotion in Amoeba
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Locomotion in Earthworm | Locomotion in Starfish, Cockroach, Snail , Jellyfish
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Locomotion in vertebrates | Locomotion in Fish
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Locomotion in Amphibians | Locomotion in Reptiles
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Locomotion in Birds | birds flight
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Locomotion in mammals
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Coordination and Control Chapter 17
24 Parts
Coordination and Control| stimulus| receptors | effectors | Response
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Coordination in plants | Etiolation | response in plants
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Biological Rhythms | Biological Clock | Circadian Rhythms | Circannual Rhythms
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Plant hormones | chemical coordination in plants
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Coordination in animals | Receptors in human | Skin as sensory receptor
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Neuron and its Types | sensory neuron Motor neuron inter neuron
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Reflex action | Reflex arc
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Nerve impulse | Resting membrane potential | Action membrane potential
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Synapse | Neurotransmission
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Evolution in nervous system | Diffused nervous system| Central nervous system
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Human central nervous system | Human brain
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Brain and spinal cord in Humans |Functions of Human brain
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Peripheral nervous system | PNS | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system
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Nervous disorders in human | Parkinson's disease | Epilepsy | Alzheimer's disease
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Chemical coordination | Endocrine system | hormones | role of hypothalamus in coordination
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Pituitary Gland | Hormones of pituitary gland Chemical coordination
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Thyroid gland and its Function | Hormones of Thyroid Glands
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Islets of Langerhan | pancreas | parathyroid glands | endocrine
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Adrenal glands | endocrine Glands
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Gonads | Testes | Ovaries | testosteron
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Gut Hormones | Gestrin and secretin | Feedback mechanism
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Difference between nervous coordination and chemical coordination
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Behaviour | innate or instinctive behaviour and learning behaviour
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Behaviour | Learning behaviour and its types
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Reproduction Chapter 18
12 Parts
Reproduction
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Reproduction in plants | Alternation of generation | life cycle of Pinus
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Reproduction in Angiosperms | life cycle of flowering plants | Double fertilization
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Parthenocarpy | Seed Dormancy | Fruit setting and ripening
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Photoperiodism | photoperiodism in plants | Role of Phytochromes in plants flowering
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Vernalization
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Asexual reproduction in animals
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Sexual reproduction and development in animals
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Human male reproductive System
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Female reproductive System
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Birth | Birth process in Human
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Test tube babies | sexually transmitted diseases | Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, herpes
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Growth and Development Chapter 19
14 Parts
Growth and Development | Growth in plants
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Growth and Development | Growth in plants
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Development of Chick | Stages in Chick Development
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chick embryo development part 2
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Development of Chick neurulation
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Development of Chick complete lecture
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Mechanism of development | Hans and Spemann experiment
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Growth correlation | Apical dominance | Role of Auxin in Apical dominance
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Role of Nucleus in Development
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Embryonic Induction | Embryonic Induction Spemann experiment
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Aging and regeneration
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Condition for growth in plants | Growth and development
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Phases of growth | Zone of cell division, elongation and maturation
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Abnormal development | Teratology growth and development
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Chromosomes and DNA Chapter 20
13 Parts
Chromosomes and DNA | composition of chromosomes
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Chromosomal theory of inheritance
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DNA as hereditary material | Griffith Experiment
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Hershey and Chase experiment | DNA as hereditary material
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Chemical nature of DNA | Structure of DNA
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The Meselson and Stahl experiment | Models of DNA replication
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DNA replication || DNA replication process
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Beadle and Tatum experiment | one gene one polypeptide
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Cell use DNA & RNA to make protein | How DNA encodes Protein structure | Central dogma
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Transcription | Gene expression | Central dogma
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Genetic Code and its properties
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Translation | Protein synthesis | Translation in prokaryotes
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Mutation and its types | Point mutation
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Cell Cycle Chapter 21
6 Parts
Cell cycle | Phases of Cell Cycle
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Mitosis | Stages of mitosis | Astral and spindle fiber
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Importance of mitosis | Cancer , tumor and its types , benign and malignant tumor
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Meiosis, Process and stages of Meiosis | meiosis
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Meiotic Errors | Non disjunction | Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome
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Apoptosis and Necrosis | Cell death
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Variation and Genetics Chapter 22
19 Parts
Variation and genetics| basic definitions of genetics
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Mendel's Law of Segregation | Monohybrid cross
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Mendel's Law of Segregation | Test Cross
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Principle Of Inheritance and Variation | Law of Independent Assortment | Inheritance
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Gene linkage and crossing over | linkage group
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Dominance relations and its types
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Multiple Alleles | ABO blood group system | polymorphic Alleles
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Rh Blood group system | Rh+ and Rh-
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Erythroblastosis foetalis | Epistasis | Bombay Penotype
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Gene map | Crossing over | recombinant frequency
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Continuous varying traits | Polygenic traits
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Sex chromosomes and Sex determination
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Sex determination | sex determination in round worm
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Sex linkage | X linkage | x linkage in drosophila
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Hemophilia and its causes | x and y linkage in human | Sex linkage in Human
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Colour blindness in human | genetic causes of colour blindness
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Diabetes mellitus, Types of diabetes, type1 IDDM and type 2 NIDDM
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Epistasis | Colors in Labrador Retriever | Bombay Phenotype
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Polygenic inheritance and continuous varying traits FBISE
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Biotechnology Chapter 23
13 Parts
Biotechnology | biotechnology processes and principles Recombinant DNA technology
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Gene cloning | PCR | polymerase chain reaction
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Analyzing DNA | DNA fingerprinting | DNA profiling | DNA analysis
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Gene Sequencing | Sanger's methods | Dideoxy method | Maxim Gilbert method
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Transgenic bacteria | Uses of transgenic bacteria
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Transgenic Plants | Uses and benefits of transgenic Plants
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Transgenic Animals | Uses of transgenic Animals
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Gene therapy | types of Gene therapy | in vivo and ex vivo
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Inside the Genomic Library: The Key to Identifying and Studying Genes
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Human Genome Project (detailed & easy) explanation
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Genomic library and human genome project
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Plant tissue culture technique
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Genetic engineering of Plants || How Scientists are Modifying Crops to Benefit Agriculture
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Evolution Chapter 24
5 Parts
Evolution | Theory of Evolution Vs Special creation | evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes
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Theory of Evolution | Natural selection
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Neo Darwinism | Evidences of Evolution | comparative anatomy
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Natural selection Vs Artificial selection | Genotype frequency, Genome, Allele frequency
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Hardy Weinberg Theorem | Hardy Weinberg Law / principal
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Ecosystem Chapter 25
6 Parts
Ecosystem | what is ecosystem and Biosphere
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Food chain and Food web | Producers, consumers, decomposers
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What is Ecological Succession | Ecological Succession
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community interactions Symbiosis, mutualism, commenselism, predation, grazzing, parasitism
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Nitrogen cycle Biogeochemical cycles | Nitrogen Cycle steps
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The Flow of energy in food chain of Ecosystem
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Some Major Ecosystems Chapter 26
6 Parts
Fresh Water lakes | Aquatic ecosystem
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Temperate Deciduous Forests
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Coniferous Alpine and Boreal Forests
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Grass Land Ecosystem | prairies and savanna
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Desert Ecosystem | Thal, Thar and Cholistan Desert in Pakistan
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Tundra Ecosystem
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Man and His environment Chapter 27
5 Parts
Man and His environment | Renewable and Non renewable resources
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Energy resources | Electricity production by different ways
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Man's impact on Natural Resources || HIPPO Conservation
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Pollution | Green house effect | Ozone depletion | Air pollution
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Water Pollution its causes and effect
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